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Cold Frame

Brick and wood built cold frame in a garden

Pronunciation/kəʊld freɪm/ General Description A cold frame is a simple structure used in gardening to protect plants from cold temperatures, wind, and frost. Typically constructed from a transparent lid or cover placed over a low box, it functions like a mini-greenhouse, extending the growing season and allowing for early planting. Detailed Description Cold frames are usually made of materials such as wood, plastic, or bricks for the frame, with a lid of glass, acrylic, or clear plastic that allows sunlight to penetrate while retaining warmth. They are placed directly on the soil and are used to harden off seedlings, overwinter…

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Perennials

Perennial plant lavender

Pronunciation /pəˈrɛn.i.əlz/ General Description Perennials are plants that live for more than two years, regrowing and flowering year after year. Unlike annuals and biennials, which complete their life cycles in one or two growing seasons, perennials offer long-term value to gardens and landscapes by returning seasonally without needing to be replanted. Detailed Description Perennials are a staple in gardening, horticulture, and agriculture due to their longevity and ability to thrive for multiple seasons. These plants die back to the ground during dormancy (typically in winter) but regrow from their root systems in spring. Examples of perennials include popular garden plants…

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Mulch

Personal holding a handful of mulch

Pronunciation /mʌltʃ/ General Description Mulch refers to a layer of material applied to the surface of soil to retain moisture, suppress weeds, regulate temperature, and improve soil health. It is widely used in gardening, horticulture, and agriculture to enhance plant growth and reduce maintenance. Detailed Description Mulch can be organic or inorganic. Organic mulches include materials such as bark chips, straw, compost, grass clippings, and leaf litter. These decompose over time, enriching the soil with nutrients. Inorganic mulches, such as gravel, stones, or plastic sheeting, are used primarily for weed suppression, moisture retention, or aesthetic purposes. Mulching is typically performed…

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Hardening Off

Small plants growing in seed trays

Pronunciation/ˈhɑːd.nɪŋ ɒf/ General Description Hardening off is the process of gradually acclimatising young plants, seedlings, or tender plants to outdoor conditions after being grown in a protected environment such as a greenhouse, indoors, or under grow lights. This step ensures plants can withstand fluctuations in temperature, wind, and sunlight. Detailed Description When plants are raised in controlled environments, they are shielded from harsh weather, intense sunlight, and wind. Hardening off allows them to build resilience before being permanently transplanted outdoors. This is done by gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions over a period of 7–14 days. The process involves: Placing…

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